Half (16/32, 50%) of the research evaluated chatbots applied to mental health or COVID-19. The results show a substantial increase in the interest of chatbots in the past few years, shortly before the pandemic. Results: Of the 1506 studies identified, 32 were included in the review. Studies were included if they used or evaluated chatbots for the purpose of prevention or intervention and for which the evidence showed a demonstrable health impact. Methods: Following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines for scoping reviews, relevant studies were identified through searches conducted in the MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Open Grey databases from mid-June to August 2021. This paper explored the implications for future research on the development and deployment of chatbots in public health in light of the analysis of the evidence for their use. Objective: This scoping review had 3 main objectives: (1) to identify the application domains in public health in which there is the most evidence for the development and use of chatbots (2) to identify the types of chatbots that are being deployed in these domains and (3) to ascertain the methods and methodologies by which chatbots are being evaluated in public health applications. This paper complements this research and addresses a gap in the literature by assessing the breadth and scope of research evidence for the use of chatbots across the domain of public health. Recent reviews have focused on the use of chatbots during the COVID-19 pandemic and the use of conversational agents in health care more generally. However, despite the uptake in their use, evidence to support the development and deployment of chatbots in public health remains limited. The COVID-19 pandemic has driven a substantial increase in the use of chatbots to support and complement traditional health care systems. Asian/Pacific Island Nursing Journal 11 articlesĮmail: Chatbots are computer programs that present a conversation-like interface through which people can access information and services.JMIR Bioinformatics and Biotechnology 35 articles.JMIR Biomedical Engineering 69 articles.Journal of Participatory Medicine 80 articles.JMIR Perioperative Medicine 91 articles.
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